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British protectorate

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the period during the Commonwealth of England, see <a href="The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a>.</div>

British protectorates were <a href="Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorates</a> under the jurisdiction of the British government. Many territories which became British protectorates already had local rulers with whom the Crown negotiated through treaty, acknowledging their status whilst simultaneously offering protection. British protectorates were therefore governed by <a href="Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">indirect rule</a>. In most cases, the local ruler, as well as the subjects of the ruler, were not British subjects. British protected states represented a more loose form of British <a href="Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>, where the local rulers retained absolute control over the states' internal affairs and the British exercised control over defence and foreign affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950–51-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2></div>

When the British took over <a href="Cephalonia" title="Cephalonia">Cephalonia</a> in 1809, they proclaimed, "We present ourselves to you, Inhabitants of Cephalonia, not as invaders, with views of conquest, but as allies who hold forth to you the advantages of British protection."<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> When the British continued to occupy the <a href="Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> after the <a href="Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a>, they did not formally annex the islands but described them as a protectorate. The islands were constituted by the <a href="Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1815 as the independent <a href="United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">United States of the Ionian Islands</a> under British protection. Similarly, <a href="Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> was a British protectorate between the capitulation of the French in 1800 and the Treaty of Paris of 1814.

The <a href="Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> of India was another example of <a href="Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">indirect rule</a> during the time of Empire.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> So too were many of the West African holdings.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

Other British protectorates followed. In the Pacific Ocean the sixteen islands of the Gilberts (now <a href="Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>) were declared a British Protectorate by Captain Davis R.N., of <a href="HMS_Royalist_(1883)" title="HMS Royalist (1883)">HMS Royalist</a> between 27 May and 17 June 1892. The Royalist also visited each of the Ellice Islands, and Captain Davis was requested by islanders to raise the British flag, but he did not have instructions to declare the Ellice Islands as a protectorate.<a href="#cite_note-JRdd-5">[5]</a> The nine islands of the Ellice Group (now <a href="Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>) were declared a British Protectorate by Captain Gibson R.N., of <a href="HMS_Curacoa_(1878)" title="HMS Curacoa (1878)">HMS Curacoa</a>, between 9 and 16 October of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-TAHNPT-6">[6]</a> Britain defined its area of interest in the <a href="Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> in June 1893, when Captain Gibson R.N., of <a href="HMS_Curacoa_(1878)" title="HMS Curacoa (1878)">HMS Curacoa</a>, declared the southern Solomon Islands as a British Protectorate with the proclamation of the <a href="British_Solomon_Islands_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="British Solomon Islands Protectorate">British Solomon Islands Protectorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

In 1894, Prime Minister <a href="William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>'s government officially announced that <a href="Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, where Muslim and Christian strife had attracted international attention, was to become a British Protectorate. The British administration installed carefully selected local kings under a programme of indirect rule through the local oligarchy, creating a network of British-controlled civil service. Most British protectorates were overseen by a Commissioner or a <a href="High_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner">High Commissioner</a>, under the <a href="Foreign%2C_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign Office</a>, rather than a Governor under the <a href="Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>.

<a href="Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">British law</a> makes a distinction between a protectorate and a protected state. Constitutionally the two are of similar status, in which Britain provides controlled defence and external relations. However, a protectorate has an internal government established, while a protected state establishes a form of local internal self-government based on the already existing one.

Persons connected with a former British protectorate, protected state, <a href="Mandated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandated territory">mandated territory</a> or <a href="Trust_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust territory">trust territory</a> may remain <a href="British_Protected_Person" class="mw-redirect" title="British Protected Person">British Protected Persons</a> if they did not acquire the nationality of the country at independence.

The last British protectorate proper was the British Solomon Islands, now <a href="Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, which gained independence in 1978; the last British protected state was <a href="Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, which gained full independence in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_former_British_protectorates">List of former British protectorates</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> (1627–1652) (as a <a href="Proprietary_colony#The_Caribbean" title="Proprietary colony">proprietary colony</a> under <a href="William_Courteen" class="mw-redirect" title="William Courteen">William Courteen</a>, followed by <a href="James_Hay%2C_1st_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle">James Hay I</a>)</li>

<li> <a href="Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> (1638–1860) (over Central America's <a href="Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito</a> Indian nation)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_world">Arab world</h3></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a> (1872–1963); precursor state of <a href="South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200951-9">[9]</a>

<ul><li>Eastern Protectorate States (mostly in Haudhramaut); later the <a href="Protectorate_of_South_Arabia" title="Protectorate of South Arabia">Protectorate of South Arabia</a> (1963–1967)

<ul><li> <a href="Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li>

<li> <a href="Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li>

<li> <a href="Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a> (consisted of five Sheikhdoms: <a href="Al-Busi" title="Al-Busi">Al-Busi</a>, <a href="Al-Dhubi" title="Al-Dhubi">Al-Dhubi</a>, <a href="Hadrami_Sheikhdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrami Sheikhdom">Hadrami</a>, <a href="Maflahi" title="Maflahi">Maflahi</a>, and <a href="Mawsata" title="Mawsata">Mawsata</a>)</li>

<li> <a href="Sheikhdom_of_al-Hawra" title="Sheikhdom of al-Hawra">Hawra</a></li>

<li>Western Protectorate States; later the <a href="Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">Federation of South Arabia</a> (1959/1962-1967), including <a href="Colony_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Aden">Aden Colony</a>

<ul><li> <a href="Wahidi_Balhaf" title="Wahidi Balhaf">Wahidi Sultanates</a> (these included: <a href="Wahidi_Balhaf" title="Wahidi Balhaf">Balhaf</a>, <a href="Wahidi_Azzan" title="Wahidi Azzan">Azzan</a>, <a href="Wahidi_Bir_Ali" title="Wahidi Bir Ali">Bir Ali</a>, and <a href="Wahidi_Haban" title="Wahidi Haban">Habban</a>)</li>

<li> <a href="Emirate_of_Beihan" title="Emirate of Beihan">Beihan</a></li>

<li> <a href="Emirate_of_Dhala" title="Emirate of Dhala">Dhala</a> and <a href="Qutaibi" title="Qutaibi">Qutaibi</a></li>

<li> <a href="Fadhli_Sultanate" title="Fadhli Sultanate">Fadhli</a></li>

<li> <a href="Sultanate_of_Lahej" title="Sultanate of Lahej">Lahej</a></li>

<li> <a href="Lower_Yafa" title="Lower Yafa">Lower Yafa</a></li>

<li> <a href="Audhali" title="Audhali">Audhali</a></li>

<li> <a href="Haushabi" title="Haushabi">Haushabi</a></li>

<li> <a href="Upper_Aulaqi_Sheikhdom" title="Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom">Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom</a></li>

<li> <a href="Upper_Aulaqi_Sultanate" title="Upper Aulaqi Sultanate">Upper Aulaqi Sultanate</a></li>

<li> <a href="Lower_Aulaqi_Sultanate" title="Lower Aulaqi Sultanate">Lower Aulaqi</a></li>

<li> <a href="Alawi_(sheikhdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawi (sheikhdom)">Alawi</a></li>

<li> <a href="Aqrabi" title="Aqrabi">Aqrabi</a></li>

<li> <a href="Dathina" title="Dathina">Dathina</a></li>

<li> <a href="Shaib" title="Shaib">Shaib</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Egypt" title="Egypt"></a> <a href="Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate of Egypt</a> (1914–1922)</li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a> <a href="Egypt" title="Egypt"></a> <a href="Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a> (1899–1956) (condominium with Egypt)</li></ul>

<ul><li> <a href="Sultanate_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Maldives">Sultanate of Maldives</a> (1887–1965)<a href="#cite_note-mi-10">[10]</a></li>

<li> <a href="Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a> (1861–1947)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li>

<li> <a href="Manipur_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipur Kingdom">Manipur Kingdom</a> (1826–1891)<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Borneo" title="North Borneo"></a> <a href="North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> (1888–1946)</li>

<li>Various <a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> <a href="Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely States</a> (1845-1947) – The princely states were lower in status than protectorates as the British reserved the right to interfere in internal matters under the principle of <a href="British_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="British Paramountcy">British Paramountcy</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div>

<ul><li> <a href="British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British Cyprus</a> (1871–1914) (put under British military administration 1914–22 then proclaimed a <a href="Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> 1922–60)</li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a> <a href="Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies"></a> <a href="Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a> (1800–1813); <a href="Malta" title="Malta"></a> <a href="Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a> proclaimed in 1813) (de jure part of the <a href="Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> but under British protection)</li>

<li> <a href="United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian islands</a> (1815–1864) (a <a href="Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> <a href="State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> and <a href="Amical_protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Amical protectorate">amical protectorate</a> of Great Britain between 1815 and 1864)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-Saharan_Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</h3></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a> Protectorate (1900–1964)</li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a> <a href="Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland Protectorate</a> (1885–1966)</li>

<li> <a href="British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> (1884–1960)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200951-9">[9]</a></li>

<li> <a href="East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa Protectorate</a> (1895–1920)</li>

<li> <a href="Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">Gambia Colony and Protectorate</a>* (1894–1965)</li>

<li> <a href="Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya Protectorate</a>* (1920–1963)</li>

<li><a href="Nigeria" title="Nigeria"></a> <a href="Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a>* (1914-1960)</li>

<li> <a href="Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria Protectorate</a> (1900–1914)</li>

<li> <a href="Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> (1924–1964)</li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a> <a href="Northern_Territories_of_the_Gold_Coast_(British_protectorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Territories of the Gold Coast (British protectorate)">Northern Territories of the Gold Coast (British protectorate)</a> (1901–1957)</li>

<li><a href="Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland"></a> <a href="Nyasaland_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyasaland Protectorate">Nyasaland Protectorate</a> (1893–1964) ( <a href="British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">British Central Africa Protectorate</a> until 1907)</li>

<li> <a href="Sierra_Leone_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leone Protectorate">Sierra Leone Protectorate</a>* (1896–1961)</li>

<li> <a href="Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria Protectorate</a> (1900–1914)</li>

<li> <a href="Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a> (1903–1968)</li>

<li> <a href="Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda Protectorate</a> (1894–1962)</li>

<li> <a href="Walvis_Bay" title="Walvis Bay">Walvis Bay</a> (1878–1884)</li>

<li> <a href="Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a> (1890–1963)</li></ul>

*protectorates that existed alongside a colony of the same name

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Territory of Papua</a> (1884–1888)</li>

<li> <a href="British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">British Solomon Islands</a> (1893–1978)</li>

<li> <a href="Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a> (1888–1901)</li>

<li> <a href="Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a> (1892–1916)</li>

<li> <a href="Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> (1877–1947)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_former_British_protected_states">List of former British protected states</h2></div>

As protected states, the following states were never officially part of the British Empire and retained near-total control over internal affairs; however, the British controlled their foreign policy. Their status was rarely advertised while it was in effect, it becoming clear only after it was lifted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950–51-1">[1]</a>

<ul><li> <a href="Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a> (1879–1919)<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950-14">[13]</a></li>

<li> <a href="Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> (1888–1984)</li>

<li> <a href="Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (1910–1947)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950-14">[13]</a></li>

<li> <a href="Emirate_of_Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Nejd">Emirate of Nejd</a> (1915-1921)</li>

<li> <a href="Sultanate_of_Nejd" title="Sultanate of Nejd">Sultanate of Nejd</a> (1921-1926)</li>

<li> <a href="Kingdom_of_Hejaz_and_Nejd" title="Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd">Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd</a> (1926-1927)</li>

<li> <a href="Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> (1816–1923)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950-14">[13]</a></li>

<li> <a href="Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a> (1922–1936)<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></li>

<li><a href="Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya"></a> <a href="Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> (1948–1957)

<ul><li> <a href="Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a> (1895–1946)

<ul><li> <a href="Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a> (1888–1895)

<ul><li> <a href="Sungai_Ujong" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Ujong">Sungai Ujong</a> (1874–1888)</li>

<li> <a href="Jelebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelebu">Jelebu</a> (1886–1895)</li></ul></li>

<li> <a href="Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> (1888–1895)</li>

<li> <a href="Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> (1874–1895)</li>

<li> <a href="Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> (1874–1895)</li></ul></li>

<li> <a href="Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a> (1904/09–1946)

<ul><li> <a href="Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> (1914–1946)

<ul><li> <a href="Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> <a href="Muar_District" title="Muar District">Muar</a> (1897–1909)</li></ul></li>

<li> <a href="Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> (1909–1946)</li>

<li> <a href="Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> (1909–1946)</li>

<li> <a href="Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a> (1909–1946)</li>

<li> <a href="Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> (1919–1946)</li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li> <a href="Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> (1900–1970)</li>

<li> <a href="Persian_Gulf_Residency" title="Persian Gulf Residency">British Residency of the Persian Gulf</a> (1822–1971); headquarters based at <a href="Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a>, <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>

<ul><li> <a href="Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persia</a> (1919–1921)</li>

<li> <a href="Bahrain_(1783%E2%80%931971)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrain (1783–1971)">Bahrain (1783–1971)</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950-14">[13]</a></li>

<li> <a href="Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Sheikhdom of Kuwait</a> (1899–1961)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950-14">[13]</a></li>

<li> <a href="Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> (1916–1971)</li>

<li> <a href="Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a>; precursor state of the <a href="United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> (1820–1971)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950-14">[13]</a>

<ul><li> <a href="Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> (1820–1971)</li>

<li> <a href="Ajman" title="Ajman">Ajman</a> (1820–1971)</li>

<li> <a href="Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> (1835–1971)</li>

<li> <a href="Fujairah" title="Fujairah">Fujairah</a> (1952–1971)</li>

<li> <a href="Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Ras Al Khaimah</a> (1820–1971)</li>

<li> <a href="Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a> (1820–1971)

<ul><li> <a href="Kalba" title="Kalba">Kalba</a> (1936–1951)</li></ul></li>

<li> <a href="Umm_al-Qaiwain" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm al-Qaiwain">Umm al-Qaiwain</a> (1820–1971)</li></ul></li>

<li> <a href="Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> (1891–1970) (informal)<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950–51-1">[1]</a></li></ul></li>

<li> <a href="Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Kingdom of Sarawak</a> (1888–1946)</li>

<li> <a href="Sultanate_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Maldives">Sultanate of Maldives</a> (1948-1965)</li>

<li> <a href="Eswatini#British_rule_over_Swaziland_(1906–1968)" title="Eswatini">Swaziland</a> (1967–1968)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> The British held a <a href="De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> protected state over Afghanistan. Despite agreeing to the terms of the Treaty of Gandamak, <a href="Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a> held Afghanistan as a <a href="De_facto" title="De facto">de-facto</a> independent state by holding external affairs with other nations such as Persia and Russia, and often opposing the British.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950–51-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950–51_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950–51_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950–51_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered2009">Onley, The Raj Reconsidered (2009)</a>, pp. 50–51.

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo, The Warrant Chiefs: indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria, 1891–1929 (London: Longman, 1972)

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered2009" class="citation cs2">Onley, James (March 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf">"The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa"</a> (PDF), Asian Affairs, 11 (1), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 October 2022</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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